Allergy to materials used in orthopedic dentistry

Dentures are an ideal solution for people who have lost teeth. There is an alternative method - dental implantation, but dental prosthetics has significantly fewer contraindications, although it is not absolutely safe.

Very unpleasant complications occur, one of which is an allergy to dentures.

An allergic reaction can occur due to the body's failure to accept foreign material. Often people are unaware of such a reaction, so when they encounter a problem for the first time, they cannot understand what is happening and how to deal with it.

The first thing you need to remember is that if certain discomfort and unpleasant symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor. If it is not possible to quickly get help from a specialist, then you can minimize the risk of further inflammation by removing the source of irritation from the oral cavity.

What causes allergies

An allergy to a dental crown, like any allergy in principle, is a pathological reaction of our immunity, which is expressed in increased sensitivity (hypersensitivity) to some allergen substance. It is interesting here that sensitization or stage 1 occurs first - when the body first encounters an “unfriendly” substance in very small quantities. At this stage, the components of the immune system - B lymphocytes, T helper cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, dendritic cells - react weakly. That is, there are no tangible manifestations1 of an allergic reaction yet.

At stage 2, when the body encounters a large amount of allergen, the allergic reaction itself occurs, with all its manifestations and symptoms (more on them below). Moreover, from the 1st to the 2nd stage, very little time can pass - literally a few minutes or hours. Especially if the allergen is strong enough - in principle or specifically for you as an individual.

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Contraindications to professional cleaning

Like any health procedure, professional oral care has its contraindications. You should not agree to brush your teeth if you have the following diseases:

• mucosal injuries;
• hepatitis B and C, HIV, AIDS;
• poor blood clotting;
• pathologies of the respiratory system;
• allergy to fluoride-containing drugs;
• any serious diseases of internal organs;
• diseases of teeth and gums in the acute phase.

Symptoms of an allergic reaction

Allergies can appear either immediately after prosthetics or over a longer period of time - after several days, weeks or months, or less often after several years. Therefore, you need to know what symptoms are signs of an allergic reaction. How an allergy to crowns manifests itself (and there can be either one symptom or several at once), we will describe further:

• problems with the gums and mucous membranes: redness, itching, pain, swelling, rash, sores, blisters with fluid inside - all this may indicate allergic stomatitis,
• unpleasant sensations on the tongue and palate: numbness, tingling, burning, goosebumps, metallic or sour taste,
• disruptions in the production of saliva: too much or too little of it is formed, dry mouth appears,
• nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing,
• pain and sore throat, dry cough, pain when swallowing,
• the appearance of rashes or red spots on the skin (on the face, neck, chest, arms),
• tearfulness, redness of the eyes,
• exacerbation of existing body diseases: asthma, gastrointestinal pathologies, etc.,
• temperature increase,
• enlarged lymph nodes,
• Quincke's edema: a very dangerous condition in which some part of the body or face or neck becomes severely swollen. The danger is that due to swelling of the neck and throat, it becomes difficult to breathe (you can even suffocate). Blood vessels that supply oxygen to the brain may also be pinched.

Is professional cleaning harmful?

Competent professional oral care is absolutely safe for the health of teeth and gums, provided that the patient has no contraindications for it. You should not clean more than twice a year; more frequent professional care can lead to thinning of the enamel. Microcracks will appear on the teeth, which can cause caries. Frequent cleanings (3-4 times a year) are justified in case of increased saliva viscosity or mineral metabolism disorders.

Another feature of abrasive brushing is the inevitable trauma to the gums. In the presence of dental plaque, the tissues become inflamed to one degree or another and, when exposed to a jet of powder, begin to bleed.

To avoid discomfort after professional teeth cleaning, use Asepta ACTIVE mouth rinse to speed up gum healing. This unique two-component product with a combination of chlorhexidine + benzidamine has an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, providing an instant anesthetic effect to even the most sensitive gums.

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What materials provoke allergies?

The following substances can provoke an allergic reaction in orthopedic dentistry:

• synthetic polymers: plastic, nylon, acrylic, etc.,
• metals: base metals are more likely to become allergens than noble metals,
• anesthetic drugs, filling compounds, antiseptics: if used incorrectly, they can cause local irritation,
• dental cement on which dentures are glued.

But ceramics, zirconium and aluminum dioxides, composite materials for filling, as well as titanium without impurities are considered hypoallergenic.

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However, there is still no material for prosthetics that is 100% inert, i.e. There is always a risk of allergies - to a large extent it depends on the person himself, his individual reaction. At the same time, modern high-quality materials are very well cleaned at the production stage, and the maximum amount of harmful substances is removed from them. Therefore, they can cause problems extremely rarely - in 1 case out of a million or even less often.

Clinical researches

Asept toothpastes and rinses are clinically proven effective. For example:

• Repeated clinical studies have proven that using ASEPTA propolis gum gel for a week can reduce gum inflammation by 31%.
• It has been clinically proven that regular use of professional toothpaste ASEPTA REMINERALIZATION after 4 weeks improved the condition of the enamel by 64% and reduced tooth sensitivity by 66%.
• Repeated clinical studies have proven that the two-component mouth rinse ASEPTA ACTIVE more effectively combats the causes of inflammation and bleeding compared to single-component rinses - it reduces inflammation by 41% and reduces bleeding gums by 43%.

Sources:

1. The effectiveness of the use of Asept “adhesive balm” and Asept “gel with propolis” in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis and gingivitis in the acute stage (Municipal Dental Clinic No. 4, Bryansk, Kaminskaya T. M. Head of the therapeutic department Kaminskaya Tatyana Mikhailovna MUZ City Dental Clinic No. 4, Bryansk
2. Report on the determination/confirmation of the preventive properties of personal oral hygiene products “ASEPTA PLUS” Remineralization doctor-researcher A.A. Leontyev, head Department of Preventive Dentistry, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor S.B. Ulitovsky First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after. acad. I.P. Pavlova, Department of Preventive Dentistry
3. The role of anti-inflammatory rinse in the treatment of periodontal diseases (L.Yu. Orekhova, A.A. Leontyev, S.B. Ulitovsky) L.Yu. OREKHOVA, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Prof., Head of Department; A.A. LEONTIEV, dentist; S.B. ULITOVSKY, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Prof. Department of Therapeutic Dentistry of St. Petersburg State Medical University named after. acad. I. P. Pavlova

Plastics and acrylic are the most allergenic materials

According to research, synthetic polymers - plastic, polyurethane, nylon, acrylic - provoke an allergic reaction in approximately 1% of cases, i.e. in 1 in 100 people. In principle, this is not little, but not very much either. As a rule, plastic crowns are often placed only on a temporary basis - so that the patient does not go without a tooth while more durable permanent ones are made. So a large concentration of potential allergens should not have time to accumulate in the tissues. But still, slight irritation of the gums or allergic stomatitis can appear in people with high sensitivity and a weakened body.

If we consider the acrylic from which artificial gums are made (it is sometimes built up around bridge crowns if the gum contour is not very smooth), then the allergen here is the acrylic monomer. But today there are materials with low monomer content or without it at all - for example, Acry-free.

Stages of professional care

In modern dental clinics, professional teeth cleaning is carried out according to the following algorithm.

1. The doctor uses ultrasound to remove mineralized deposits on the teeth. The stone, under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations, loosens and begins to chip. If necessary, subgingival cleaning is performed. For this procedure, curettes are used, special devices that allow you to manually scrape out deposits.
2. Then, using an air abrasive device, the dentist removes soft plaque from hard-to-reach places.
3. Small round particles of soda under the pressure of water quickly clean off deposits on the teeth, while making them 1-2 shades lighter. Soda powder does not scratch the enamel and practically does not injure the gums.
4. Using a micromotor, special paste and rubber attachments, the dentist grinds fillings and teeth. Multiple rotating brushes effectively clean the pits of crowns and help prevent future plaque build-up.
5. The surface of the teeth is treated with a special mineralizing varnish with fluorine, calcium and phosphorus. This substance stays on the teeth for several days. During this time, the enamel absorbs beneficial microelements.

Some cleaning steps may be added or omitted depending on the patient's oral health. After professional cleaning, the dentist teaches the patient daily oral hygiene techniques and the selection of teeth and gum care products. The entire procedure usually takes no more than an hour.

Professional toothpaste ASEPTA Remineralization will help restore the upper layers of enamel after brushing. This product with high concentrations of hydroxyapatite and thermal mud helps strengthen teeth and gums and reduces sensitivity. The optimal degree of abrasiveness of the paste allows you to maintain the natural whiteness of teeth without damaging the enamel and gums.

Ceramics and zirconium dioxide are the lowest allergenic materials

Allergies to ceramic crowns occur very rarely – almost never. The same can be said about allergies to zirconium crowns (made of zirconium dioxide) and aluminum dioxide (metal-free ceramics). Ceramics is considered one of the most low-allergenic and inert materials in dentistry. But an individual allergic reaction still sometimes occurs, for example, if dyes were used to make the prosthesis. Or, if a ceramic crown is placed on a core inlay or implant that contains allergens (aluminum, nickel, vanadium). That is, the problem here is not in the ceramics, but in what is underneath it.

Read on the topic: ceramic metal-free dental crowns - what they are and how relevant they are today.

Links

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Allergic reaction to metals

An allergy to a metal crown can occur if, for example, the alloy is not of very high quality, is improperly processed, releases toxins, allergens, or is itself chemically active in the tissues in the oral cavity or in the liquid environment. Experts estimate that about 10% of the world's population is susceptible to metal allergies. Ideally, the metal for prostheses is inert, i.e. Fully compatible with the human body - does not cause inflammation, is not rejected. Let's consider which metals often provoke an allergic reaction:

• nickel: an inexpensive, highly allergenic metal, which contains 9% of stainless steel,
• copper: due to its properties, color and not very high price, it is often alloyed with gold to obtain a relatively inexpensive “noble” material. However, copper oxidizes quickly and often provokes an allergic reaction - almost as often as nickel.
• zinc: included in cements for filling, incl. root canals before prosthetics. May cause irritation, but quite rarely,
• cobalt and chromium: they provoke allergies less often than other base metals, but can release toxins,
• titanium alloys: titanium itself is almost 100% inert, i.e. should not provoke allergies. However, in dentistry, its alloys are often used, where the titanium content is 85-98.7%. Therefore, the purer the alloy, the lower the risk of an individual allergic reaction. Titanium products are coated on top with a film of titanium dioxide, which eliminates corrosion,
• aluminum and zirconium (in the form of dioxides): zirconium and aluminum dioxides are inert compounds, but in exceptional cases they can be allergenic,
• silver, platinum, palladium, gold (noble metals): also considered inert and hypoallergenic, but it all depends on the concentration of the base metal in the alloy. If it contains a lot of additives (nickel, chromium, copper), then an allergic reaction is possible.

Types of professional care

In modern dentistry, there are several types of professional oral hygiene:

• Mechanical cleaning using special equipment. The doctor uses a machine with rotating brushes or manually removes soft deposits and tartar. Typically, hand tools are used for areas that cannot be reached with apparatus. Despite the low price, this procedure is not popular, as there is a high risk of injury to the gums.
• Sandblasting involves the use of devices with which the doctor removes pigmented and mineralized plaque from the surface of the teeth. Using a unit, the doctor directs a stream of water with dissolved soda onto the teeth. Since the device nozzle does not come into contact with the treated area, the risk of injury to enamel and soft tissue is eliminated. The method of professional oral care is suitable even for those with damaged teeth. After removing the plaque, the doctor polishes the tooth enamel.
• Ultrasonic cleaning. Plaque is removed using a special device, which, emitting vibrations of a certain frequency, acts on the boundary that separates tartar and tooth tissue. This type of cleaning makes it possible to remove dental plaque above and below the gums and is used as an additional sanitation of the oral cavity.
• Laser cleaning. In recent years, this type of professional hygiene has become more popular. The beam removes tartar from the teeth, eliminates the yellowness of the smile, removes pathogenic bacteria and does not injure the tissue surrounding the bones.

Metal-ceramics and metal-plastic

Can there be an allergy to a metal-ceramic crown? Here, the likelihood of an allergic reaction depends on the quality of the materials, in particular the metal used. For example, often an allergy to a metal-ceramic crown occurs if the base cap is made of a nickel alloy rather than gold or titanium. Or, for example, this option - if the metal-ceramic crown is ordinary, i.e. not on the shoulder mass, then it will provoke an allergic reaction much more often. As the gums eventually begin to come into contact with the metal along the edge of the crown, allergens will accumulate in them.

Read on the topic: metal-ceramic crowns - what they are, on the shoulder mass and ordinary ones, for whom they are suitable.

In metal-plastic materials, both metal and plastic can become an allergen. Therefore, such products should not be worn for longer than the prescribed period - several weeks or months. Or place them on artificial gums so that the edges of the crowns do not rest on the mucous membranes.

Irritation due to galvanic syndrome

Galvanic syndrome is a condition when an electrical impulse occurs between prostheses made of dissimilar metals. Moreover, crowns can be metal, metal-ceramic, or metal-plastic (the main thing is that metal is present). Galvanism occurs not only between crowns, but also between crowns and other prostheses. For example, clasp with metal hooks or a palatal bridge, as well as implants (less often). There is a tingling sensation in the mouth, an “electric sensation,” and a sour or bitter taste.

The occurrence of galvanism depends on how dissimilar metals are able to interact with each other (how different their electrochemical activity is), and not on the quality of the metals themselves. Therefore, you should always be interested in what crowns are made of and report this important information to the dentist during subsequent prosthetics. According to statistics, 15-35% of orthopedic dentists’ patients experience galvanic syndrome. For example, galvanosis may appear due to the presence of gold and nickel-chrome prostheses.

What causes allergies?

It is clear that some materials can cause an allergic reaction on their own. Dentists and dental technicians, of course, know about this and try to process materials and make dentures in such a way as to reduce allergenicity to a minimum. But sometimes provoking factors come into play, for example, the following:

• chips, abrasions and cracks that expose the inner layers of the prosthesis: as a result, allergens enter saliva, gums,
• loose fit of the crowns to the gums and supporting teeth: therefore, when chewing, the material in contact and poorly treated areas begins to actively “give off” components, incl. allergens. They are absorbed into the gums, penetrate the blood vessels, saliva,
• poorly manufactured dentures: improper mixing of material components, too high or low processing temperature, etc.,
• changes in the composition of saliva due to certain diseases of the body (diabetes, gastrointestinal problems), climate change or even the region of residence, where the water composition is different,
• natural aging of the prosthesis, i.e. end of its service life,
• installation of a new prosthesis made of a different material (with metallic inclusions): provokes galvanosis.

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Alternative to Nickel Titanium Braces

An alternative to nickel-titanium archwires is flexible braided stainless steel and metal fiber-reinforced composite archwires. Gold-plated archwires, TMA and pure titanium can be used without risk. There are also modified nickel-titanium archwires, which are plastic (composite-coated) nickel-titanium archwires.[36] Ionized nickel-titanium wires have a surface that is bombarded with nitrogen ions, resulting in an amorphous surface layer that makes them resistant to corrosion and displaces nickel atoms, thereby reducing the risk of an allergic reaction.

First aid at home

If you notice characteristic symptoms of an allergic reaction, you should immediately remove your dentures - if they are removable. If they are not removable, rinse your mouth and take an antihistamine. For example, “Suprastin”, “Fenistil” drops or “Tavegil”. They are considered the most powerful, but with side effects such as drowsiness and slower reactions. Next, you should immediately contact the dentist who placed the prosthesis. While you are waiting to see a doctor, eliminate any potential allergens from your environment - citrus fruits, chocolate, ketchup, dust, and have less contact with animals. Because it is possible that an exacerbation of some “old” allergy has occurred.

If there is sudden swelling of the face, neck, arms, legs, it becomes difficult to breathe, or a rash appears all over the body, then immediately call a doctor or an ambulance.