Modern anesthesia in dentistry (anaesthetics)

From this article you will learn:

• anesthesia in dentistry - drugs,
• types of anesthesia for dental treatment,
• pain relief during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

The article was written by a dental surgeon with more than 19 years of experience.

Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia, the meaning of which is to block the transmission of pain impulses from the area where the intervention is performed. Options for local anesthesia in dentistry include infiltration, conduction or application anesthesia. They allow you to anesthetize only the area where the intervention is planned (this could be a group of teeth or a fragment of the jaw), while the patient is conscious.

To carry out local anesthesia in dentistry, medications are used that are called “local anesthetics”. But in some cases, for example, during extensive surgical interventions or a person’s panicky fear of treatment or tooth extraction, general anesthesia can also be used, in which, along with pain sensitivity, the patient’s consciousness is temporarily turned off. General anesthesia is carried out using narcotic analgesics administered intravenously or inhaled (Fig. 3).

Local and general anesthesia in dentistry –

The very first local anesthetic in dentistry was novocaine, which, however, did not allow for significant anesthesia and practically did not anesthetize inflamed tissues. Later, lidocaine appeared, which was already about 2-2.5 times stronger in effectiveness, but like novocaine, it did not allow achieving a great depth and duration of anesthesia. A real revolution occurred with the advent of articaine anesthetics (based on articaine hydrochloride), which additionally contained vasoconstrictors.

The most popular local anesthetics in dentistry based on articaine are Ultracaine, Ubistezin, Alfacaine, Septanest and others. To further increase the depth and duration of anesthesia, vasoconstrictors began to be added to these drugs. The latter constrict the blood vessels at the site of injection of the anesthetic, thereby reducing the rate of its leaching from the tissues. Currently, epinephrine is most often used as a vasoconstrictor at a concentration of 1:100,000 and 1:200,000.

Local anesthesia for treatment and extraction of teeth –

If previously novocaine and lidocaine were produced in the form of vials or ampoules, and injections with these drugs were performed using ordinary disposable 5.0 ml syringes, now all modern anesthetics are produced in the form of disposable carpules (cartridges). Each carpule usually contains 1.7 ml of anesthetic, and before anesthesia it is inserted into a special carpule syringe. Next, a very thin needle is screwed on (many times thinner than ordinary needles on disposable syringes), after which the syringe is ready for use.

What does a carpule syringe look like?

The cost of anesthetics and anesthesia - the cost of one anesthetic carpule for 2021 (be it ultracaine, ubistezin, septanest or others) - will be approximately 40-50 rubles. This is the price at which dental clinics purchase anesthetics. But the total cost of anesthesia for dental treatment in a dental clinic will be about 400-500 rubles per 1 carpule of anesthetic.

It is also worth noting that pain relief during the treatment and extraction of teeth in dentistry is included in the guarantee program of the health insurance fund. Therefore, anesthesia in public dental clinics should be provided free of charge, but only when using Lidocaine or Novocaine (imported anesthetic will be paid for). Next, we will talk about the types of anesthesia in dentistry.

Types of anesthesia in dentistry - infiltration, conduction, application

As we said above, local anesthesia can be application, infiltration or conduction. Topical anesthesia in dentistry is used to numb the oral mucosa by applying 10% lidocaine in the form of a gel or spray. This type of anesthesia is especially often used in children to pre-numb the place where the needle is inserted. Lidocaine spray is often sprayed onto the root of the tongue in patients with an increased gag reflex.

Infiltration anesthesia in dentistry is most often performed during the treatment and removal of any teeth in the upper jaw, as well as in the area of ​​the anterior teeth of the lower jaw. In this case, the injection is carried out in the transitional fold zone in the projection of the root of the tooth that we will remove or treat (the transitional fold is the zone of transition of the tightly attached mucous membrane into the mobile mucous membrane of the cheek or lip). After the anesthetic is introduced into the tissue, an infiltrate is formed in them, from which the anesthetic quickly penetrates into the bone tissue of the jaw.

Conductive anesthesia - in dentistry it is most often used to anesthetize 6-7-8 lower teeth (less often than other teeth). This is due to the fact that the bone tissue of the lower jaw is denser and thicker - especially in the last teeth. And therefore, if we perform infiltration anesthesia on the lower molars, the anesthetic simply will not penetrate into the bone and, accordingly, the patient will experience pain. And in this case, conduction anesthesia (mandibular or torus) will help us - the injection is made into the nerve trunk, passing approximately in the middle of the inner surface of the branch of the lower jaw.

Infiltration and conduction anesthesia (video 1-2) –

How long does it take for dental anesthesia to last? The effect of infiltration anesthesia on the upper jaw occurs within a few minutes and lasts from 15 to 45 minutes (this depends on the type of anesthetic and the concentration of the vasoconstrictor in it). The onset of anesthesia is signaled by the appearance of numbness in the cheek or upper lip. The effect of conduction anesthesia on the lower jaw occurs in 5-10 minutes, but it can last from 1 hour to several hours. The following symptoms will tell us about the onset of anesthesia - there must be pronounced numbness in half of the lower lip, as well as the tip of the tongue.

Important: if after conduction anesthesia on the lower jaw, the numbness of half the lip is weak or completely absent, then the doctor missed and was unable to remove the anesthetic near the inferior alveolar nerve (this nerve runs on the inner surface of the branch of the lower jaw, providing pain sensitivity to the teeth on this side). And in this case, you should either ask the doctor to repeat the anesthesia, otherwise the treatment will be painful.

Yes, and I would like to note that in most cases, poor anesthesia is associated only with doctor errors, i.e. with violation of the technique of conduction anesthesia. This type of anesthesia is the most difficult during a general dental appointment, and not all doctors confidently perform conduction anesthesia. However, there are a number of patients in whom it is impossible to achieve good anesthesia in principle. These include patients who abuse analgesics, as well as alcohol and drugs.

Types of drugs for topical anesthesia

Application anesthesia is used by doctors at the Imperial Clinic for complete patient comfort in the form of ointments, solutions and aerosols. Using this product makes the penetration of the needle completely imperceptible.

Local anesthetics used in dentistry "Imperial"

Anesthesia of the desired area, when using topical anesthesia, occurs in one to two minutes, to a depth of 1-3 mm and lasts from 10 to 20 minutes.

Premedication - preparation for anesthesia

Premedication is the use of one or more medications immediately before surgery to facilitate anesthesia and reduce the risk of possible complications.

The most common premedication is sedation.

Sedatives used for premedication:

• Herbal preparations (tincture of motherwort, valerian, valocordin, corvalol, valoserdin, etc.)
• Benzodiazepine tranquilizers (phenazepam, diazepam, midazolam, etc.)
• Chemicals (eg trioxazine).

Indications for the use of sedative anesthesia for premedication

• Fear, horror, of dental treatment,
• impaired blood supply to the myocardium (coronary heart disease),
• high blood pressure (hypertension),
• attacks of suffocation due to bronchial spasms and swelling of the mucous membrane (bronchial asthma),
• endocrine diseases (eg diabetes mellitus),
• intoxication with thyroid hormones,
• Parkinson's disease,
• chronic neurological stereotypical seizures (epilepsy),
• finally, simply the desire of the patient himself.

What to do if you are afraid of anesthesia -

Indeed, an anesthetic injection can be painful. The pain will depend both on the patient’s pain sensitivity threshold and on the doctor’s anesthesia technique. According to the rules, a solution of one anesthetic carpule (1.7 ml) is excreted into the tissue within 40-45 seconds. If the doctor saves time, then it is logical that rapid administration of the solution will cause pain.

To reduce the discomfort from an anesthetic injection, you can ask the doctor to first use a gel or spray with lidocaine to conduct topical anesthesia at the site of the future injection. You can also ask your doctor to administer the anesthetic slowly.

Drugs to relieve fear and anxiety – There are also drugs that can reduce fear and anxiety before an upcoming trip to the dentist. At the same time, there are drugs with a sedative effect such as (Persen forte), and there are drugs only for relieving anxiety, for example, Afobazol. The latter does not have a sedative effect, and it makes sense to start taking it only 10 days before going to the dentist, because... the drug has a cumulative effect (24stoma.ru).

In a number of large clinics, as a premedication, you can also be given an intramuscular injection of diphenhydramine 30 minutes before the start of treatment. You can also use tinctures of valerian, motherwort, Corvalol, valocardine. However, it is also advisable to take these drugs in a course (at least a few days before visiting the doctor), because they also have a cumulative effect. But you need to take into account that these drugs also have a hypnotic effect, which is not very good for motorists and working people.

Features of local anesthesia.

For the so-called “Risk Group (GR)”, some components of local anesthesia may be especially dangerous.

Categories of patients who belong to GR:

• experiencing increased fear (fear) of treatment, doctors;
• with drug intolerance;
• with some hereditary diseases;
• women during pregnancy (in extreme cases, anesthesia is used, only in the second trimester);
• women during lactation.

When using local anesthesia, the doctor faces several tasks:

Firstly, the selection of local anesthesia should be such as to completely eliminate sensitivity to pain in the area of ​​intervention and obtain maximum effectiveness during and after the operation.

Secondly, choose a drug that will minimize the impact of individual substances contained in the drug.

Please note that if, after anesthesia, you still feel PAIN, then most likely there was an insufficient dose of anesthesia or the anesthesia was administered incorrectly!

An experienced dentist must be well versed not only in the actions of anesthetic drugs from various companies, but also in their chemical composition.

The doctor must know:

• duration of action of the local anesthetic drug,
• time of its elimination from the body,
• toxicological properties,
• the use of an anesthetic with other dental drugs in different combinations and different concentrations.

Contrary to people's expectations, modern medicine has moved so far forward that it makes any treatment very easy and comfortable even for the most pampered patients.

The Imperial Clinic invites you to experience the latest developments in anesthesiology and feel comfort instead of fear and pain.

Local anesthetics in dentistry –

At the moment, the most modern anesthetics in dentistry are drugs based on articaine hydrochloride. We have already said above that this group also includes Ultracain, Ubistezin, Septanest and others. Anesthetics of the articaine series are more effective than lidocaine - 1.5-2 times, and Novocaine - 5-6 times. As for the duration of anesthesia with drugs based on articaine, it will depend, among other things, on the concentration of vasoconstrictors in the anesthetic composition.

Vasoconstrictors, due to the narrowing of blood vessels at the injection site, can reduce the leaching of the anesthetic, and this leads to an increase in the depth and duration of anesthesia. Manufacturers always produce the same anesthetic with different concentrations of vasoconstrictors. The following concentrations of the vasoconstrictor epinephrine are usually used - 1:100000, 1:200000 + option and without a vasoconstrictor at all. This allows for optimal use of the drug in patients of different risk groups. The most commonly used anesthetics are:

1) Anesthetic “Ultracaine” –

Ultracaine is produced in France in 3 possible versions, which will differ in the presence/absence of epinephrine in the composition, as well as its concentration:

• 
  “ultracaine DS forte” (with epinephrine concentration 1:100,000),

• “ultracaine DS” (with an epinephrine concentration of 1:200,000),
• "ultracaine D" (without epinephrine, without preservatives).

A separate article is devoted to this most popular anesthetic: “Ultracaine - application features, manufacturer’s instructions”

2) Ubistezin - instructions for use

Good anesthetic, produced (Germany). The composition of Ubistezin is absolutely no different from similar forms of Ultracain. Two forms of release -

• Ubistezin (with an epinephrine concentration of 1:200000),
• Ubistezin forte (with an epinephrine concentration of 1:100,000).

Read a detailed description of the anesthetic and its indications for use here: → “Ubistezin forte - instructions for use”

3) Septanest: instructions for use

Septanest has been used in dentistry for a very long time. This anesthetic has 2 release forms with adrenaline concentrations of 1:100,000 and 1:200,000. But compared to ultracaine and ubistezin, this anesthetic contains a slightly larger amount of preservatives (sodium metabisulfite and EDTA), which is undesirable in a number of patients, for example, with frequent allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, etc.

Read a detailed description of the anesthetic and its indications for use here: → “Septanest 1:100000 – instructions for use”

4) Scandonest: instructions for use

Anesthetic from Septodont (France) based on 3% Mepivacaine. Does not contain vasoconstrictor components or preservatives. Scandonest in dentistry is used mainly only in patients at risk who cannot take anesthetics with adrenaline and epinephrine, as well as in patients with bronchial asthma. A complete analogue of Scandonest 3% is the anesthetic Mepivastezin 3%, produced (Germany).

Read a detailed description of the anesthetic and indications for use here: → “Scandonest - instructions for use”

Contraindications for the use of local anesthesia

All contraindications to the use of a local anesthetic can be combined into 3 points:

1. Hypersensitivity of the body's immune system to local anesthetic:
   - In this case, the attending physician selects the painkiller that is most suitable for the planned dental intervention (depth, duration, nature).
2. Insufficiency of the patient's metabolic regulation system (cleaning and excretion):
   - This takes into account the peculiarities of the pathology of the patient's body, his general somatic condition, as well as the presence of contraindications.
3. Age limit:
   - At this point, the dosage of local anesthetic drugs is taken into account, taking into account the age of the patient (child or elderly person) Criteria for choosing a local anesthetic drug (anesthetic).

Which anesthetic is right for you - summary

• For bronchial asthma or high allergies, an anesthetic without preservatives is needed (usually sodium disulfite is used in anesthetics, which is needed to stabilize epinephrine or adrenaline). Therefore, the anesthetic “Ultracain D”, which does not contain any preservatives, is best suited for such patients.

• If you have thyroid disease or diabetes, in this case you also do not want to use anesthetics containing vasoconstrictor components - adrenaline, epinephrine. The drug of choice, for example, Ultracaine D, Scandonest or Mepivastezin. But, choosing between these three anesthetics, I would give preference to the first.

• If you have high blood pressure and heart disease - with moderate hypertension and compensated heart disease, the optimal choice is anesthetics containing a concentration of epinephrine (adrenaline) - 1:200000. This can be anesthetics “Ultracain DS” or “Ubistezin 1:200000”. In case of severe hypertension, decompensated heart disease, it is necessary to use anesthetics that are completely free of adrenaline and epinephrine. Then, for example, “Ultracain D” will do.

• If you are a healthy person - if you do not have the above diseases, then you can safely administer anesthetics containing epinephrine/adrenaline in a concentration of 1:100,000. Moreover, a person weighing about 70 kg can be given up to 7 carpules of anesthetic inclusive. An example of such anesthetics is Ultracain DS Forte, Ubistezin Forte and analogues.

→ The most powerful analgesics for toothache